27-polymorphism
Welcome to tutorial no. 27 in Golang tutorial series.
Go does not support inheritance, however, it does support composition. The generic definition of composition is "put together". One example of composition is a car. A car is composed of wheels, an engine and various other parts.
Composition by embedding structs
Composition can be achieved in Go is by embedding one struct type into another.
A blog post is a perfect example of composition. Each blog post has a title, content and author information. This can be perfectly represented using composition. In the next steps of this tutorial, we will learn how this is done.
Let's first create the author struct.
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
type author struct {
firstName string
lastName string
bio string
}
func (a author) fullName() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", a.firstName, a.lastName)
}
In the above code snippet, we have created a author struct with fields firstName, lastName and bio. We have also added a method fullName() with the author as receiver type and this returns the full name of the author.
The next step would be to create the blogPost struct.
type blogPost struct {
title string
content string
author
}
func (b blogPost) details() {
fmt.Println("Title: ", b.title)
fmt.Println("Content: ", b.content)
fmt.Println("Author: ", b.author.fullName())
fmt.Println("Bio: ", b.author.bio)
}
The blogPost struct has fields title, content. It also has an embedded anonymous field author. This field denotes that blogPost struct is composed of author. Now blogPost struct has access to all the fields and methods of the author struct. We have also added details() method to the blogPost struct which prints the title, content, fullName and bio of the author.
Whenever one struct field is embedded in another, Go gives us the option to access the embedded fields as if they were part of the outer struct. This means that p.author.fullName() in line no. 11 of the above code can be replaced with p.fullName(). Hence the details() method can be rewritten as below,
func (p blogPost) details() {
fmt.Println("Title: ", p.title)
fmt.Println("Content: ", p.content)
fmt.Println("Author: ", p.fullName())
fmt.Println("Bio: ", p.bio)
}
Now that we have the author and the blogPost structs ready, let's finish this program by creating a blog post.
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
type author struct {
firstName string
lastName string
bio string
}
func (a author) fullName() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", a.firstName, a.lastName)
}
type blogPost struct {
title string
content string
author
}
func (b blogPost) details() {
fmt.Println("Title: ", b.title)
fmt.Println("Content: ", b.content)
fmt.Println("Author: ", b.fullName())
fmt.Println("Bio: ", b.bio)
}
func main() {
author1 := author{
"Naveen",
"Ramanathan",
"Golang Enthusiast",
}
blogPost1 := blogPost{
"Inheritance in Go",
"Go supports composition instead of inheritance",
author1,
}
blogPost1.details()
}
The main function of the program above creates a new author in line no. 31. A new post is created in line no. 36 by embedding author1. This program prints,
Title: Inheritance in Go
Content: Go supports composition instead of inheritance
Author: Naveen Ramanathan
Bio: Golang Enthusiast
Embedding slice of structs
We can take this example one step further and create a website using a slice of blog posts :).
Let's define the website struct first. Please add the following code above the main function of the existing program and run it.
type website struct {
[]blogPost
}
func (w website) contents() {
fmt.Println("Contents of Website\n")
for _, v := range w.blogPosts {
v.details()
fmt.Println()
}
}
When you run the program above after adding the above code, the compiler will complain about the following error,
main.go:31:9: syntax error: unexpected [, expecting field name or embedded type
This error points to the embedded slice of structs []blogPost. The reason is that it is not possible to anonymously embed a slice. A field name is required. So let's fix this error and make the compiler happy.
type website struct {
blogPosts []blogPost
}
I have added the field blogPosts which is a slice []blogPosts.
Now let's modify the main function and create a few posts for our new website.
The complete program after modifying the main function is provided below,
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
type author struct {
firstName string
lastName string
bio string
}
func (a author) fullName() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", a.firstName, a.lastName)
}
type blogPost struct {
title string
content string
author
}
func (p blogPost) details() {
fmt.Println("Title: ", p.title)
fmt.Println("Content: ", p.content)
fmt.Println("Author: ", p.fullName())
fmt.Println("Bio: ", p.bio)
}
type website struct {
blogPosts []blogPost
}
func (w website) contents() {
fmt.Println("Contents of Website\n")
for _, v := range w.blogPosts {
v.details()
fmt.Println()
}
}
func main() {
author1 := author{
"Naveen",
"Ramanathan",
"Golang Enthusiast",
}
blogPost1 := blogPost{
"Inheritance in Go",
"Go supports composition instead of inheritance",
author1,
}
blogPost2 := blogPost{
"Struct instead of Classes in Go",
"Go does not support classes but methods can be added to structs",
author1,
}
blogPost3 := blogPost{
"Concurrency",
"Go is a concurrent language and not a parallel one",
author1,
}
w := website{
blogPosts: []blogPost{blogPost1, blogPost2, blogPost3},
}
w.contents()
}
In the main function above, we have created an author author1 and three posts post1, post2 and post3. Finally, we have created the website w in line no. 62 by embedding these 3 posts and displayed the contents in the next line.
This program will output,
Contents of Website
Title: Inheritance in Go
Content: Go supports composition instead of inheritance
Author: Naveen Ramanathan
Bio: Golang Enthusiast
Title: Struct instead of Classes in Go
Content: Go does not support classes but methods can be added to structs
Author: Naveen Ramanathan
Bio: Golang Enthusiast
Title: Concurrency
Content: Go is a concurrent language and not a parallel one
Author: Naveen Ramanathan
Bio: Golang Enthusiast
This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Have a great day. Please leave your feedback and comments.
Next tutorial - Polymorphism